Timeline in Hawaiian History...1835 - 1849 AD

1835 – January 31 – William Lunalilo is born. He later reigns as king of Hawai‘i for thirteen months in 1873 and 1874.

By 1828 there were only 188,000 pure Hawaiians left alive (Noyes, 2003).

1836 – January 2 – Emma Na‘ea is born. She later becomes Queen Emma, wife of Kamehameha IV.
• Hawai‘i’s 1st English-language newspaper, the Sandwich Island Gazette, is published.
• Nov. 16 – King Kalākaua is born near the base of Punchbowl, O’ahu.
• A treaty is negotiated between Great Britain and the Sandwich Islands.
• December 30 – Nāhi‘ena‘ena, daughter of Keōpūolani and Kamehameha I, dies in Honolulu.

1837 – The first public streets are laid out in Honolulu.

1838 – September 2 – Lydia Kamaka‘eha, later Queen Lili‘uokalani, the last reigning monarch of Hawai‘i, is born.
• Ka Mo‘olelo Hawai‘i (The Hawaiian History) is produced written primarily by Lahainaluna alumni Malo, Kamakau, Moku, and Hale‘ole.

1839 – April 4 – Kina‘u (Elizabeth Kaho‘anoku Kina‘u), Kuhina Nui of Hawai‘i, dies.
• April 10 – Kaikio‘ewa, a companion of Kamehameha I and a governor of Kaua‘i dies.
• The first edition of the Hawaiian Bible is printed. By this time many Hawaiians have converted to Christianity, which is practiced through the Hawaiian language while maintaining knowledge of traditional Hawaiian religion; this becomes a defining feature of subsequent generations of Hawaiians. Later, full Hawaiian translations of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, Catholic missals, and the Book of Mormon are printed. (‘Aha Punanaleo, 2006)

1840 – Catholic missionaries and priests arrive in Honolulu and are allowed to stay and work.
• Kamehameha III proclaims the first constitution of Hawai‘i.
• The Polynesian a weekly newspaper is established in June and continues to publish until December 11, 1841.

• 1841 – The Hawaiian language community schools are united by the Monarchy as a separate government department of public education. The Department also includes Hawaiian medium boarding schools. These Hawaiian boarding schools and the larger day schools include teaching English as a second language. The Hawai‘i Department of Education has continued in existence until the present day (2010). The only U.S. state with a D.O.E. older than Hawai‘i is Massachusetts. Hawai‘i rises to become one of the most literate, if not the most literate, nations of the nineteenth century. (‘Aha Punanaleo, 2006)

• 1842 – Joseph Kaho‘oluhi Nawahi is born January 13. He becomes a well-known artist, legislator, and Queen Lili‘uokalani’s principal advisors during the last months of the monarchy.
• The United States recognizes the Kingdom of Hawai‘i on December 19.
• Punahou School, an English-language school for missionary children is established, to protect missionary (White) children from the influences associated with high fluency/literacy in Hawaiian developed in other schools. Hawai'i's unique sociopolitical realities result in the children of the Native Hawaiian elite also enrolling for an English language immersion experience at Punahou. Later the Hawaiian elite establish primarily British staffed private schools - now 'Iolani and St. Andrew's Priory – to promote what they consider a higher standard of English among Hawaiians. Race and class eventually divide Hawai‘i, based on the language of education. More English medium immersion-like education for those with higher class aspirations brings neglect of Hawaiian language medium schools. The long-term results are the loss of confidence among Hawai‘i's people in themselves, the weakening of academic strengths of Hawai‘i's population, and tension between descendants of the missionaries and the native Hawaiian community. (‘Aha Punanaleo, 2006)

1843 – Lord George Paulet, commanding the British frigate Carysfort, arrives on February 10 and demands provisional cession of Hawai‘i to Great Britain. On February 15 he orders the Hawaiian flag lowered with the British flag raised over Hawai‘i.
• Admiral Richard Thomas, commanding H.M.S. flagship Dublin, arrives on July 26. He rescinds the cession under Paulet and restores sovereignty to the Islands.
• Kamehameha II, in his restoration day speech, recites a phrase that becomes Hawaii's national motto: Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono ("The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness"). England and France recognize the independence of the Sandwich Islands on November 28.

1844 – The weekly newspaper Polynesian, is reestablished in May and becomes the “Official Journal of the Hawaiian Government” on July 14; it runs until February 6, 1864.
• December 9 – Kuakini, 53, governor of Hawai‘i from 1820 to 1844, dies.

1845 – June 7 – Kekāuluohi, also known as Auhea, dies of influenza. Kamehameha I selected her as a repository of ancient genealogies, legends, songs, and proverbs. Her son, William Charles Lunalilo becomes king in 1873.

1846 – Whale ship visits to Hawai‘i peak with 596 arrivals. Of these, 429 ships anchor off Lahaina and the rest in Honolulu Harbor.

1848 – The land division known as The Great Mahele begins January 27 and continues through March 7, dividing Hawai‘i's lands among the king and chiefs.
• An epidemic of measles, whooping cough, and influenza takes the lives of about 10,000 people, mostly native Hawaiians.

1849 – Dr. G.P. Judd, Alexander Liholiho, and Lot Kamehameha depart September 11 on a tour of the United States and Europe on a mission to improve international relations.
• Commoners are given the right to claim lands.